The British Lichen Society - Lichen References

General Information
General References
Identification Guides
Lichen Name Catalogues
Chemistry
Ecology
Air Pollution
Serials
Bibliography
Wall Charts

This list of references was compiled by Dr. O.W. Purvis with additions by Dr. B.J. Coppins. It is not exhaustive and is intended primarily for students interested in the study of the British lichen flora.

For a more complete source of lichen literature go to Comprehensive search facility of literature on lichens, which can be found [here].

Many items may be out of print but all should be obtainable from the BLS Library, the Natural History Museum Library (tel. 0207 938 9191; email: library@nhm.ac.uk) or from public libraries. References prefixed by * are particularly useful for beginners.

1. General

*	AHMADJIAN, V. 1993. The Lichen Symbiosis. John Wiley & Sons, New York
	AHMADJIAN, V. & HALE, M. E. (Editors) 1974 ["1973"]. The Lichens. Academic Press, New York. [Review.]
*	BARON, G. 1999. Understanding Lichens. Slough: Richmond Publishing.
	BROWN, D. H. (Editor) 1985. Lichen Physiology and Cell Biology. Plenum Press, New York.
	GALUN, M., ed. 1988. Handbook of Lichenology. 3 vols. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press
*	HALE, M. E. 1983. The Biology of Lichens. Ed. 3. Arnold, London. [Standard.]
	HAWKSWORTH, D. L. 1974. Mycologist's Handbook. CMI, Kew.
	HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1994 Ascomycete Systematics. Problems and Perspectives in the Nineties: Nato ASI Series, Ser. A: Life Sciences, 269. Plenum Press, New York.
*	HAWKSWORTH, D. L. & HILL, D. J. 1984. The Lichen-forming Fungi. Blackie, Glasgow & London. [Standard.]
	HAWKSWORTH, D. L., KIRK, P.M., SUTTON, B. C. & PEGLER, D.N. 1995. Dictionary of the Fungi. Ed. 8. CABI, Wallingford.
	HENSSEN, A. & JAHNS, H. M. 1973 ["1974"]. Lichenes. Thieme, Stuttgart. [In German.]
*	LAUNDON, J. R. 1986. Lichens. Shire, Aylesbury. [Biology.]
	LAWREY, J. D. 1984. Biology of Lichenized Fungi. Praeger, New York.
	MALCOLM, W.M. & GALLOWAY, D.J. 1997. New Zealand Lichens: Checklist, key and glossary. Wellington: Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Excellent illustrated glossary.]
*	NASH, T.H. 1996. Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
	PEVELING, E., ed 1987. Progress and Problems in Lichenology in the eighties. Bibliotheca lichenologica 25: 1-497.
*	PURVIS, O.W. 2000. Lichens. [Life Series] London: The Natural History Museum. [Excellent introduction to lichens, with many colour illustrations.]
*	RICHARDSON, D. H. S. 1975. The Vanishing Lichens. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. [Out of print, popular work]
	SMITH, A.L. 1921. Lichens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Reprinted with a new introduction in 1975 by Richmond Publishing.]

2. Identification guides

*	BRODO, I.M., SHARNOFF, S.D & SHARNOFF, S. 2001. Lichens of North America. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. [Superb colour photographs; keys.]
*	CALATAYUD, V. & SANZ, M.J. 2000. Guía de Líquenes Epífitos. Madrid: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. [Colour photographs.]
	CLAUZADE, G. & ROUX, C. 1985. Likenoj de Okcidenta Europo Ilustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest, n.s., numero spécial 7: 1-893. There are two supplements: 'Supplemento 2a', op. cit. 18: 177-214 (1987); 'Supplemento 3a', Bull. Soc. Linn. Provence 40: 73-110 (1989). [Keys; in Esperanto.]
*	Dobson F. S. (2005) Lichens: An Illustrated Guide to the British and Irish Species 5th full colour edition, Slough: Richmond Publishing. [Enlarged and revised edition with many colour photographs.]
	FOUCARD, T. 1990. Svensk Skorplavsflora, Stockholm. [In Swedish. Keys to crustose lichens in Sweden using mainly non-microscopical characters, many pictures in b/w. Useful, aimed at Swedish amateurs.]
*	HANSEN, E.S. & ANDERSEN, J. 1995. Greenland Lichens. Rhodos & Danish Polar Centre. [Colour photographs; many British montane lichens illustrated.]
*	JAHNS, H. M. 1983. Collins Guide to the Ferns Mosses and Lichens of Britain and North and Central Europe. Collins, London. [Colour photographs.]
	KROG, H., ØSTHAGEN, H. & TØNSBERG, T. 1980. Lavflora. Norske busk-og bladlav. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. [Macrolichens; in Norwegian.]
	MOBERG, R. 1990. Lavar. En fälthandbok. Interpublishing, Stockholm. [Mainly macrolichens, many colour photos; in Swedish, edition in German available)
*	ORANGE, A. 1994. Lichens on Trees. A guide to some of the commonest species. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales.
	OZENDA, P. & CLAUZADE, G. 1970. Les Lichens. Masson, Paris. [Keys; French.]
	POELT, J. 1969. Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Cramer, Lehre. [Keys; in German.]
	POELT, J. & VEZDA, A. 1977. Bestimmungsschlüssel eurpäischer Flechten. Ergänzungsheft I. [Bibl. Lich. 9] Cramer, Vaduz. [Keys; in German.]
	POELT, J. & VEZDA, A. 1981. Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Ergänzungsheft II. [Bibl. Lich. 16] Cramer, Vaduz. [Keys; in German.]
*	PURVIS, O.W., COPPINS, B.J., HAWKSWORTH, D.L., JAMES, P.W. & MOORE, D.M. 1992 Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. 710 pp. Natural History Museum, London. [Standard work]
*	WIRTH, V. 1995. Die Flechten Baden-Württembergs Teil 1 & 2. Ulmer, Stuttgart. [Superb colour photographs, keys, notes on ecology, etc.; in German.]

A fuller list of titles relevant to European and world identification is provided in Hawksworth & Ahti (1990)

3. Catalogues of lichen names

	COMMONWEALTH MYCOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. 1971 onwards. Index of Fungi 4, 5. Kew. [New names since 1970.]
	COMMONWEALTH MYCOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. 1972. Lichens 1961 - 1969. Kew.
	LAMB, I. M. 1963. Index Nominum Lichenum. Ronald, New York. [Names published 1932 - 1960.]
*	PURVIS, O.W., COPPINS, B.J., & JAMES, P.W. 1994. Checklist of Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. The British Lichen Society, London.
	SANTESSON, R. 1993. The lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Sweden and Norway. STB-forlaget, Lund, Sweden. [An important lichen checklist with numerous references, also very useful in Britain.]
	SMITH, A.L. 1921. Lichens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Reprinted with a new introduction in 1975 by Richmond Publishing.]
	ZAHLBRUCKNER, A. 1921 - 1940. Catalogus Lichenum Universalis 1-1O. Borntraeger, Leipzig & Berlin. [References to 1938.]

4. Chemistry

	CULBERSON, C. F. 1969. Chemical and Botanical Guide to Lichen Products. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
	CULBERSON, C. F. 1970. Supplement to "Chemical and botanical guide to lichen products. " Bryologist 73: 177 - 377.
	CULBERSON, C. F., CULBERSON, W. L. & JOHNSON, A. 1977. Second Supplement to "Chemical and Botanical Guide to Lichen Products ". American Bryological and Lichenological Society, St Louis.
	HUNECK, S. & YOSHIMURA, I. 1996. Identification of Lichen Substances. Berlin etc.: Springer.
*	ORANGE, A., JAMES, P.W. & WHITE, F.J. 2001. Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens. London: British Lichen Society. [Updated and expanded from White & James (1985).]

5. Ecology and geography

	BARKMAN, J. J. 1970. Phytosociology and Ecology of Cryptogamic Epiphytes. Ed. 2. Van Gorcum, Assen, Netherlands.
	SEAWARD, M. R. D. (Editor) 1977. Lichen Ecology. Academic Press, London. [Review, etc., including British phytosociology.]
	SEAWARD, M. R. D. & HITCH, C. J. B. (Editors) 1983 ["1982 "]. Atlas of the Lichens of the British Isles 1. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Cambridge.

6. Air pollution

	BATES, J.W. & FARMER, A., eds 1992. Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Environment. Oxford Science, Oxford.
	FERRY, B. W., BADDELEY, M. S. & HAWKSWORTH, D. L. (Editors) 1973. Air Pollution and Lichens. Athlone Press, London.
	HAWKSWORTH, D. L. & ROSE, F. 1976. Lichens as Pollution Monitors. [Stud. Biol. 66] Arnold, London.
	HENDERSON, A. 1990. Literature on air pollution and Lichens. XXXII. Lichenologist 22: 397-404.
*	RICHARDSON, D.H.S. 1992. Pollution Monitoring with Lichens. 76 pp. Slough: Richmond Publishing

7. Serials

	The Lichenologist. British Lichen Society, London (BLS). [Free to BLS members, c/o Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD (tel. 0171-938 8852, fax 0171-938 9260); back numbers available from Academic Press, 24 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX; members must state that they are entitled to a discount.]
	The Bryologist. Grout & Smith, Brooklyn, New York.
	Herzogia. Cramer, Lehre, Germany. [Chiefly in German.]
	Mycotaxon. Mycotaxon, Ltd, New York.
	Graphis Scripta. The Nordic Lichen Society (NLF). [Free to NLF members: Nordisk Lichenologisk Förening c/o Ingemar Herber, Majgårdsvägen 7, S-141 44 Huddinge, Sweden.
	Cryptogamie Bryologie Lichénologie. Cryptogamie-Adac, Paris.

8. Bibliographies

	HAWKSWORTH, D.L. & AHTI, T. 1990. A bibliographic guide to the lichen floras of the world (second edition). Lichenologist 22: 1-78.
	HAWKSWORTH, D. L. & SEAWARD, M. R. D. 1977. Lichenology in the British Isles 1568 - 1975. An Historical and Bibliographical Survey. Richmond Publishing, Richmond, Surrey. [Standard.]
	Recent papers are listed towards the end of most parts of the Bulletin British Lichen Society, Bryologist, and Cryptogamie Bryologique Lichénologique.
	"Recent literature on lichens" listed in every issue of Bryologist. Also available on 3.5" disk from Dr T. Esslinger, Department of Botany, North Dakota State University, Fargo, N.D. 58102 USA.
	"Literature pertaining to British Lichens" listed by Coppins in Bulletin of the British Lichen Society.

9. Wall charts

	Lichens and Air Pollution. 1981. [Full size and A4; booklet also available]; Lichens on Rocky Seashores. 1987. [Full size and A4]. Both available to BLS members at a discount from: Mr. B.R. Green, 3 Ty'n y Coed, Carneddi, BETHESDA, Gwynedd, WALES LL57 3SF